Einstein's Jury: The Race to Test Relativity"There is no shortage of literature on Einstein and relativity, yet Crelinsten succeeds in providing a novel and fruitful perspective on how Einstein's theory of general relativity was received in its early years. By focusing on the astronomers rather than the physicists, and America rather than Europe, he adds a valuable chapter to the history of modern science in which scientific and social aspects are treated equally and in the same compelling detail."--Helge Kragh, University of Aarhus, Denmark "Jeffrey Crelinsten has written a wonderful book that fills an important gap in our knowledge of the reception and acceptance of general relativity in the scientific community: he focuses on the crucial role played by astronomers, particularly in the United States. In a fascinating account he describes how general relativity was tested and confirmed and how the new field of relativistic cosmology emerged out of this work. I wish this book had appeared earlier!"--A. J. Kox, University of Amsterdam "An excellent book, with wonderful gems that arise out of the author's mastery of the literature. It will be enormously useful to Einstein scholars as well as to those interested in the history of astronomy."--Daniel Kennefick, University of Arkansas "A fascinating and detailed story of the emergence of modern cosmology that reaches back to the debates over the validity of Einstein's theory of general relativity during the early decades of the twentieth century. This is an American tale of pragmatism and empiricism, of eclipse expeditions and of the intrepid spirit of those who built the world's largest astronomical observatories and discovered an expanding universe."--Diana Kormos Buchwald, Einstein Papers Project, Caltech "An overwhelming accomplishment that surely will have a lasting impact on the history of the subject. So much is laid to rest about the dominance of the 'Eddington' 1919 eclipse result and its resulting PR as to be an eye-opener to many (to most) would-be-historians. [Crelinsten's] research into original sources is powerful and makes the case!"-- Allan R. Sandage, Staff Astronomer Emeritus, The Observatories (Pasadena, CA) Carnegie Institution of Washington "Since the 1960s, scientists have shown with exquisite precision that Einstein was right about relativity. But for relativity's first two decades (1910-1930), the case for Einstein was hardly a slam dunk. Jeffrey Crelinsten tells the exciting roller-coaster story of the early experimental tests of special and general relativity, from light deflection measurements to ether-drift tests. Believers debated skeptics, but in the end, the jury was swayed by the data. Crelinsten's tale reads like a scientific courtroom thriller."--Clifford Will, Washington University in St. Louis, author of Was Einstein Right? |
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EINSTEIN AND THE WORLD COMMUNITY OF PHYSICISTS AND ASTRONOMERS | 3 |
THE ASTRONOMY COMMUNITY | 7 |
THE ASTROPHYSICS REVOLUTION | 9 |
EUROPEAN BRAINS AND AMERICAN MONEY | 20 |
THE NATIONS LEADER | 25 |
ASTRONOMERS AND SPECIAL RELATIVITY THE FIRST PUBLICATIONS | 28 |
RELATIVITY AND THE ETHER | 31 |
RELATIVITY AND SUBJECTIVISM | 36 |
EINSTEINS THIRD VICTORY | 173 |
UNRAVELING COMPLEXITIESEVERSHED VERSUS ST JOHN | 175 |
EVERSHED VOTES FOR EINSTEIN | 179 |
MORE ECLIPSE TESTING | 183 |
CONFLICTING ANNOUNCEMENTS ON THE GOLDENDALE RESULTS | 185 |
PREPARATIONS FOR THE AUSTRALIAN ECLIPSE | 194 |
ALL EYES ON LICK | 200 |
EMERGENCE OF THE CRITICS | 213 |
USING RELATIVITY TO CALCULATE PLANETARY ORBITS | 38 |
AMERICAN ASTRONOMERS INTRODUCTION TO RELATIVITY | 40 |
19111919 ASTRONOMERS ENCOUNTER EINSTEIN | 45 |
THE EARLY INVOLVEMENT 19111914 | 47 |
SOLAR ECLIPSES VULCAN AND THE PRINCIPLE OF RELATIVITY | 50 |
EINSTEIN FINDS AN ASTRONOMER | 55 |
PUZZLES IN THE SUNS SPECTRUM | 65 |
THE RUSSIAN ECLIPSE OF 1914 | 76 |
THE WAR PERIOD 19141918 | 85 |
EINSTEINS BREAKTHROUGH | 87 |
THE FREUNDLICH AFFAIR | 90 |
NEWS OF EINSTEINS BREAKTHROUGH SPREADS | 94 |
MIXED REACTIONS TO A COMPLICATED THEORY | 98 |
CONSTRUCTING THE UNIVERSE | 103 |
CHALLENGES FROM SOLAR OBSERVATIONS | 108 |
LICK ASTRONOMERS Go ECLIPSE HUNTING | 114 |
EINSTEIN LIBERATES FREUNDLICH | 119 |
1919 A YEAR OF DRAMATIC ANNOUNCEMENT | 125 |
DELAYS AND TECHNICAL CHALLENGES AT LICK | 126 |
THE LICK VERDICT EINSTEIN IS WRONG | 131 |
THE BRITISH DECLARE EINSTEIN IS RIGHT | 140 |
MEN OF SCIENCE AGOG | 146 |
PRESSURE FROM THE PRESS | 153 |
THE ROLE OF ARTHUR EDDINGTON | 157 |
EINSTEIN THE NATIONAL TREASURE | 160 |
HALE REALIZES His VISION | 165 |
19201925 ASTRONOMERS PUT EINSTEIN TO THE TEST | 169 |
TACKLING THE SOLAR REDSHIFT PROBLEM | 171 |
TJJ SEE VERSUS THE LICK OBSERVATORY | 216 |
AN ANTIRELATIVITY COALITION IN THE EAST | 225 |
THE ETHER ATTEMPTS A COMEBACK | 231 |
THE DEBATE INTENSIFIES | 236 |
MOUNT WILSON AND LICK VOTE FOR EINSTEIN | 241 |
THE ANTIRELATIVITY CAMPAIGN GAINS MOMENTUM | 243 |
CONFRONTATION | 252 |
A NEW LINE OF EVIDENCE TO TEST EINSTEIN | 257 |
19251930 FINAL ACCEPTANCE | 263 |
RELATIVITY TRIUMPHS | 265 |
THE RELATIVITY DEBATE CIRCA 1925 | 269 |
ANNOUNCEMENTS FOR AND AGAINST THE ETHER | 273 |
ANNOUNCEMENT OF THE SIRIUS B RESULTS | 277 |
JOHN A MILLER AND THE ECLIPSE TESTS | 282 |
DAYTON C MILLER AND THE ETHER DRIFT | 287 |
THREE MORE PRONOUNCEMENTS | 290 |
RELUCTANT ACCEPTANCE | 296 |
SILENCING THE CRITICS | 300 |
ANTIRELATIVISTS RALLY IN THE EAST | 307 |
THE FINAL SHOWDOWN | 310 |
THE EMERGENCE OF RELATIVISTIC COSMOLOGY | 315 |
FINAL REFLECTIONS | 321 |
ASTRONOMERS RECEPTION OF RELATIVITY | 323 |
RELATIVITY AND US | 324 |
NOTES | 327 |
BIBLIOGRAPHY | 365 |
385 | |