Measurement Of Weak RadioactivityWorld Scientific, 11. des. 1996 - 348 síður This book is intended for scientists engaged in the measurement of weak alpha, beta, and gamma active samples; in health physics, environmental control, nuclear geophysics, tracer work, radiocarbon dating etc. It describes the underlying principles of radiation measurement and the detectors used. It also covers the sources of background, analyzes their effect on the detector and discusses economic ways to reduce the background. The most important types of low-level counting systems and the measurement of some of the more important radioisotopes are described here. In cases where more than one type can be used, the selection of the most suitable system is shown. |
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| 1 | |
Chapter 2 History | 15 |
Chapter 3 Atomic nuclei and binding energy | 27 |
Chapter 4 Radioactivity | 31 |
Chapter 5 Interaction of radiation with matter | 43 |
Chapter 6 Our natural radioactive environment | 63 |
Chapter 7 Cosmic rays | 73 |
Chapter 8 Radiation detectors | 97 |
Chapter 13 Gas proportional counter systems | 199 |
Chapter 14 Liquid scintillation counting systems | 225 |
Chapter 15 Other lowlevel counting systems | 249 |
Chapter 16 Nonradiometric methods and neutron activation analysis | 271 |
Chapter 17 Important applications of lowlevel counting | 279 |
Chapter 18 Statistics | 301 |
| 311 | |
Appendix A Physical constants and conversion factors | 323 |
sources and components | 121 |
Chapter 10 Measurement of contamination | 137 |
Chapter 11 Background reduction | 147 |
Chapter 12 Germanium spectrometers | 175 |
Appendix B Periodic table of elements | 325 |
| 327 | |
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Common terms and phrases
absorbed absorption activity alpha particles anode atmosphere atomic number attenuation background component background contribution background count background count rate background pulses beta particles Bq/kg cm of lead cm thick cm² cm³ collision contamination cosmic rays counting systems decay detection efficiency diodes discussed in Section electrolysis electrons emitted energy resolution energy spectrum external guard counters factor fast neutrons g/cm² gamma radiation gamma rays gas proportional counters Geiger counters germanium diodes give glass half-life inner shield ionization isotopes large number layer lead shield liquid scintillation counters low-level counting low-level germanium spectrometers mass materials measured method muons Nal crystal Nal scintillation nuclear nucleus overburden peak photomultiplier photons phototube produced pulse height radiocarbon dating radiocontamination radioisotopes radionuclides radiopure radon ratio recoil reduced sample counter scintillation detectors secondary radiation sensitivity shown in Figure Si(Li spectra studies surface laboratory technique Theodorsson thermal thorium tritium uranium usually vial window